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Screening and prevention
Many cancers can be prevented, and most can be treated far better when found early. Who should be checked, how, the warning signs not to ignore, and how to lower the risk - from the World Health Organization, the US Preventive Services Task Force and national programmes such as India's. What is offered free differs by country; ask your doctor what applies where you live.
A warning sign is not a diagnosis โ but it needs a doctor soon. Free screening for oral, breast and cervical cancer is offered from age 30 at government Ayushman Arogya Mandir centres.
โน๏ธGeneral information from public sources, not a recommendation for you. Only your doctor and the trial team can decide what is right for you. In an emergency call your local emergency number. Terms of use
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Oral cancer
Who: Everyone aged 30 and over - especially anyone who uses tobacco in any form, areca nut (supari, gutka, paan) or alcohol.
How
A doctor or trained health worker looks inside the mouth. It takes two minutes and is offered free at government Ayushman Arogya Mandir centres under the national programme for common cancers.
Check your own mouth once a month in a mirror.
Warning signs
A white or red patch that does not go away
A mouth ulcer that has not healed in two weeks
A lump, or a thickening of the cheek
Difficulty opening the mouth, chewing or swallowing
Lower the risk
Stop all tobacco and areca nut - the National Tobacco Quitline is free: 1800-112-356
Limit alcohol
Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables
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Cervical cancer
Who: Girls aged 9-14 for the HPV vaccine; women aged 30-65 for screening.
How
HPV vaccine before the start of sexual life - India makes its own (Cervavac).
Screening every 5 years from age 30: a simple visual test (VIA) under the national programme, or an HPV test where it is offered (the World Health Organization prefers HPV testing).
Warning signs
Bleeding after sex, between periods or after the menopause
Unusual or foul-smelling discharge
Pain in the pelvis
Lower the risk
HPV vaccination
Regular screening
Do not smoke
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Breast cancer
Who: All women aged 30 and over; earlier and more often for women with a strong family history.
How
A clinical breast examination by a trained health worker or doctor, offered under the national programme for women aged 30-65.
Ask your doctor whether and when you need a mammogram.
A close family history (mother, sister, daughter) or a known BRCA change: ask about genetic counselling.
Warning signs
A new lump in the breast or armpit
Dimpling or puckering of the skin
A nipple that turns inward, or discharge (especially blood)
A change in the size or shape of a breast
Lower the risk
Stay active and at a healthy weight
Limit alcohol
Breastfeeding lowers the risk
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Lung cancer
Who: People aged 50-80 who smoke heavily or did (a "20 pack-year" history), or who quit within the last 15 years.
How
A yearly low-dose CT scan is recommended for this group in the USA. India has no national lung screening yet - ask your doctor.
A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks needs a doctor: it can be TB or cancer.
Warning signs
A cough that will not go away, or coughing blood
Breathlessness or chest pain
Weight loss without trying
Lower the risk
Stop smoking - it is never too late
Avoid second-hand smoke and indoor smoke from solid fuel
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Bowel (colorectal) cancer
Who: Adults aged 45-75 (the US recommendation); anyone with symptoms or a family history.
How
A stool test for hidden blood, or a colonoscopy - ask your doctor which suits you.
Warning signs
Blood in the stool
A change in bowel habits that lasts weeks
Unexplained anaemia or weight loss
Lower the risk
Eat fibre, fruit and vegetables; less red and processed meat
Stay active
Do not smoke
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Prostate cancer
Who: Men aged 55-69 should talk to their doctor about a PSA blood test.
How
The PSA test has benefits and harms; decide together with your doctor.
Warning signs
Difficulty passing urine, a weak stream or going often at night
Blood in the urine
Bone pain
Lower the risk
Stay active and at a healthy weight
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Liver cancer
Who: Anyone with hepatitis B or C, or cirrhosis of the liver.
How
Hepatitis B vaccination - part of India's free childhood immunisation.
A test for hepatitis B and C; people with cirrhosis or hepatitis B may need an ultrasound every 6 months.
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