Olfactory and Brain Stimulations in Treatment-resistant Depression

Inclusion Criteria: * had a primary diagnosis of single-episode or recurrent non-psychotic major depressive disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) criteria; * scored 20 or over on the MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) (Montgomery and Åsberg, 1979) and scored higher than 2 on the MADRS item 8 anhedonia factor score; * a stable antidepressant medication for 4 weeks prior to inclusion; be able to speak and read French; * sign a consent form before intervention. Exclusion Criteria: * a pre-existing condition that affects olfaction including congenital anosmia, upper respiratory tract infection, nasal and/or sinus disease, brain injury or nasal surgery; a neurological disease; * other comorbid psychiatric disorders or substance abuse (except tobacco); * contraindications to TMS (medical devices implanted or metallic foreign body in the head); * pregnant or lactating mothers (controlled by urine pregnancy tests); * measure of protection or guardianship of justice.