The Effects of fNIRS-based Neurofeedback Training on Balance and Gait in Parkinson's Disease

Part 1 Additional Inclusion Criteria for PD: 1. diagnosis of idiopathic PD by neurologist with Hoehn and Yahr stage \< 4; 2. stable medical condition; 3. capability of walking independently without walking devices. Exclusion Criteria: 1. cognitive impairment indicated by MMSE score \< 24; 2. motor imagery ability indicated by KVIQ score \< 25; 3. unable recognize 26 letters in the English alphabet 4. history of diseases or conditions known to interfere with participating this study (e.g. epilepsy, metal implants in the brain, or deep brain stimulation); 5. diagnosis of any other neurological disease or psychiatric disorder (e.g. stroke, anxiety disorder, or depression); 6. using central nervous system medications other than for PD, e.g. antiepileptic drugs in recent 3 months. Part 2 Inclusion Criteria: 1. aged 40-85 y/o; 2. diagnosis of idiopathic PD by neurologist with Hoehn and Yahr stage \< 4; 3. stable medical condition; 4. capability of walking independently for 10 minutes, which is the time needed for imagery walking training in order to eliminate the possible influence of physical fatigue. Exclusion Criteria: 1. cognitive impairment indicated by MMSE score \< 24; 2. history of diseases or conditions known to interfere with participating this study (e.g. epilepsy, metal implants in the brain, or deep brain stimulation); 3. diagnosis of any other neurological disease or psychiatric disorder (e.g. stroke, anxiety disorder, or depression); 4. using central nervous system medications other than for PD, e.g. antiepileptic drugs in recent 3 months.