Application of Sodium Bicarbonate Ringer's Solution in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Inclusion Criteria: 1. ≥18 years old, 2. patients who plan to undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy ; 3. Willing to sign informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: 1. age \<18 years 2. pregnancy 3. active cardiac conditions (unstable coronary syndromes, decompensated heart failure, significant arrhythmias, severe valvular disease, history of congestive heart failure) 4. history of significant cerebrovascular disease 5. restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease 6. uncontrolled hypertension 7. renal dysfunction (glomerular filtration rate \<60 mL/min), 8. evidence of hepatic metabolic disorder (bilirubin \>35 mmol/L) 9. presence of active infection