Effects of Clear Speech on Listening Effort and Memory in Sentence Processing

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 60-90 * Right-handed * Native English speaker * Scores in the normal range (\> or = 25 points) on Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) * For adults with hearing loss, a pure-tone average score of \> 25 dB HL (between 1 - 4kHz) Exclusion Criteria: * Left-handed (language-related electrophysiological responses of left-handed subjects differ from those of right-handed subjects) * History of psychiatric or neurological illnesses (including skull fractures, as this is known to alter electrophysiological response at the scalp) * Score of \< 25 points on the MOCA * Use of certain prescription and non-prescription drugs known to alter brain function and the autonomic nervous system, including pupil dilation (e.g., anti-depressants, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs) * Any eye disease that would impair the ability to measure pupil dilation (e.g., cataracts, nystagmus, amblyopia) * Scores on speech shadowing audibility control task below 50%, suggesting poor intelligibility * A display of behavior that would significantly interfere with the validity of data collection or safety during the study;