Global Burden Estimation of Human Papillomavirus (GLOBE-HPV)

Inclusion Criteria: 1. 9 to 50 years old (for urban and rural CSSs) at the time of enrollment. 2. Resident in the selected community for at least the past 3 months (with the exception of pastoralists, refugees, and commercial sex workers). 3. Able to understand the purpose of the study and study procedures. 4. If aged 18 years or older or legally considered an emancipated minor, able and willing to provide consent to participate in the study including sample collection. 5. If aged \<18 years (and not considered an emancipated minor), supported in their participation by a parent or guardian who is able and willing to provide consent, and 6. If aged \<18 years (and not considered an emancipated minor), able and willing to provide assent to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Decline consent to participate any activity of the study. 2. A medical condition or other reason, not directly related to HPV infection or HPV-related diseases, in the opinion of the investigator, precludes enrolment in the study.