Studying TAK-243 in Patients With Advanced Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with histologically documented advanced or metastatic solid tumors with relapsed or refractory disease who have received standard-of-care or approved therapies known to confer clinical benefit, or patients with aggressive lymphomas who have received ≥ 2 prior lines of lymphoma-directed therapy and who do not have remaining effective treatment options (including transplant). Additionally, patients with indolent lymphomas must meet criteria for treatment. * Patients must have measurable or evaluable disease * Age \>= 18 years * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =\< 2 * Hemoglobin \>= 9 g/dL (patients may be transfused to achieve this value; elevated indirect bilirubin due to post-transfusion hemolysis is allowed) * Absolute neutrophil count \>= 1,000/mcL * Platelets \>= 75,000/mcL * Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase \[SGPT\]) =\< 3 x institutional ULN OR =\< 5 x institutional upper limit of normal for patients with liver metastases at baseline * Creatinine =\< 1.5 x institutional ULN OR creatinine clearance \>= 60 mL/min/1.73 m\^2 by Cockcroft-Gault * Any prior therapy must have been completed \>= 4 weeks, or \>= 5 half-lives of the prior agent (whichever is shorter) prior to enrollment on protocol. Prior definitive radiation should have been completed \>= 4 weeks prior to enrollment; prior palliative radiation should have been completed \>= 2 weeks prior to enrollment. Patients must be \>= 2 weeks since any investigational agent administered as part of a Phase 0 study (where a sub-therapeutic dose of drug is administered) and should have recovered to grade 1 or baseline from any toxicities * Female patients who: * Are postmenopausal (age-related amenorrhea \>= 12 consecutive months or follicle-stimulating hormone \> 40 mIU/mL), for at least 1 year before the screening visit, OR * Are surgically sterile (i.e., who had undergone hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy), OR If they are of childbearing potential: * Agree to practice 1 highly effective method and 1 additional effective (barrier) method of contraception, at the same time, from the time of signing the informed consent through 4 months after the last dose of study drug (female and male condoms should not be used together), or * Agree to practice true abstinence, when this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject. (Periodic abstinence \[e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, postovulation methods\] withdrawal, spermicides only, and lactational amenorrhea are not acceptable methods of contraception.) * Male patients, even if surgically sterilized (i.e., status postvasectomy), who: * Agree to practice effective barrier contraception during the entire study treatment period and through 4 months after the last dose of study drug (female and male condoms should not be used together), or * Agree to practice true abstinence, when this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject. (Periodic abstinence \[eg, calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, postovulation methods for the female partner\] withdrawal, spermicides only, and lactational amenorrhea are not acceptable methods of contraception.) * The effects of TAK-243 on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason and because ubiquitin-activating enzyme inhibitors are known to be teratogenic, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. Men treated or enrolled on this protocol must also agree to use adequate contraception prior to the study, for the duration of study participation, and 4 months after completion of TAK-243 administration * Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document * Willingness to provide blood for research purposes * For expansion phase patients, willingness to undergo 2 core needle biopsy procedures for research purposes if there is a lesion or lesions amenable to repeat biopsy * Patients on anticoagulation therapy are eligible for this study in the absence of anticipated drug-drug interactions (DDI) between the anticoagulation agent and TAK-243. If DDI are anticipated and another anticoagulation agent that is compatible with TAK-243 exists, the patient will be transitioned to this alternative, TAK-243-compatible anticoagulation agent Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who are receiving any other investigational agents * Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements * Life-threatening illness unrelated to cancer * Patients with uncontrolled coagulopathy or bleeding disorder * Known hepatic cirrhosis or severe pre-existing hepatic impairment * Known cardiopulmonary disease defined as: * Unstable angina pectoris; * Congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association \[NYHA\] class III or IV); * Myocardial infarction (MI) within 6 months prior to first dose (patients who had ischemic heart disease such as a \[acute coronary syndrome (ACS)\], MI, and/or revascularization greater than 6 months before screening and who are without cardiac symptoms may enroll); * Cardiomyopathy * Clinically significant arrhythmia: * History of polymorphic ventricular fibrillation or torsade de pointes, * Permanent atrial fibrillation (a fib), defined as continuous a fib for \>= 6 months, * Persistent a fib, defined as sustained a fib lasting \> 7 days and/or r