Evaluation of PWI Assisted by Marshall Ethanolization in Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Between 18-85 years old; 2. Symptomatic, non-valvular persistent atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation duration ≥1 week), and refractory to at least one antiarrhythmic drug; 3. Prepared to undergo atrial fibrillation catheter ablation; 4. Provide informed consent to participate in the study, comply with follow-up trials and evaluation procedures. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Presence of acute conditions such as acute phase after myocardial infarction (within 3 months), acute heart failure or new onset of cerebral infarction within 3 months; 2. On the heart transplant list; 3. Life expectancy less than 1 year; 4. With other bleeding disorders that cannot be treated with anticoagulation therapy; 5. With left atrial thrombus; 6. Heart failure with NYHA class III-IV or LVEF\<40%; 7. With uncontrolled malignant tumor; 8. Obvious liver or kidney dysfunction (ALT, AST levels more than 2 times the upper limit of normal, and/or CCr\<50%); 9. History of catheter radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation or cardiac surgery; 10. Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, planning to become pregnant, or of childbearing age but not using reliable contraception.