Meditation for Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: 1. aged 50 years older 2. intact cognition (examined by the Mini-Mental State Exam, ≥ 24) 3. experiencing moderate low back pain daily or almost every day at least the previous three months (≥3 out of 10 on numeric rating scale \[NRS\]) 4. able to speak and read English 5. not intent to change medication regimens for pain throughout the trial Exclusion Criteria: 1. serious underlying illness (e.g., malignant neoplasms, bloodborne illness, low blood platelet count, been in chemotherapy) 2. psychosis 3. function limitation precluded the meditation practice 4. participated meditation program before 5. no access to the internet