Prognostic Biomarkers for Pulpotomy Outcome

Inclusion Criteria: * Permanent molars showing clinical and radiographic evidence of a deep carious lesion (extend to the three-quarters thickness of dentine radiographically) extending close to the pulp chamber * Clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis, including spontaneous pain, lingering pain with cold stimulation, no or mild tenderness to percussion, normal apical tissue or widening of the periodontal ligament space but with no signs of periapical periodontitis (i.e., PAI score 1 or 2) * Positive response to cold and electric pulp test. Exclusion Criteria: * Tooth with no response to the cold and electric tests, presence of apical radiolucency (greater than periodontal widening), signs of canal calcification and resorption, history of trauma, unrestorable or nonfunctional teeth, and evidence of perio-endo lesion * Intraoperative bleeding time is more than 10 minutes or less than 10 μL pulpal blood can be obtained * Patients with a compromised immune status (such as HIV or organ transplant) or with any history of taking analgesics/antibiotics in the past one week.