Comparison of Stent-Related Symptoms Between Anti-Reflux Stents and Standard DJ Stents in Children With Urolithiasis

Inclusion Criteria: 1. A definitive diagnosis of urinary tract stones by CT scan, with indications for ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), laparoscopic/open stone extraction with or without robotic assistance, or combined endoscopic lithotripsy, and no contraindications; 2. Age is less than 18 years old; 3. For preschool children, the informed consent form is signed by the parents; for school-age children, the informed consent form is signed by both the parents and the child themselves. Exclusion Criteria: 1. A history of recurrent bladder irritative symptoms or urinary tract infections; 2. Severe renal insufficiency, anatomical or functional solitary kidney, and other significant comorbidities that render the child unsuitable for participation in the study; 3. Stent placement surgery within the past 3 months; 4. Recent use of medications that may interfere with the study results, such as solifenacin; 5. Stent removal surgery performed at an external medical facility.