Growth Hormone Resistance of Beta-cells A

Inclusion Criteria: * Singleton, full term pregnancy within the past 5 years * Body mass index ≥18.5 kg/m2 and \<45.0 kg/m2 Group specific inclusion criteria: * Gestational Diabetes Group: History of gestational diabetes in the most recent pregnancy * Control Group: no history of gestational diabetes Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study, or breastfeeding * Current diagnosis or history of type 1 or type 2 diabetes * Use of medications that can impact the study outcomes (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists) * History of bariatric surgery * Known, uncontrolled hypothyroidism * History of intracranial hypertension, including papilledema, or a condition that increases the risk of developing intracranial hypertension, such as Turner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, or renal impairment * Current cancer or cancer that has been in remission less than 5 years * First degree relative with diabetes diagnosis * Evidence of significant anemia or significant end organ dysfunction (e.g., liver, kidney, heart disease) * Alcohol use disorder, use of controlled substances, or smoking \>2 cigarettes per day * Greater than 3% weight loss within three months of screening or engaged in regular (≥3 days per week), continuous moderate- or high-intensity exercise of ≥30 min duration * Mentally disabled persons, prisoners, and persons with inability to grant voluntary informed consent