Development of an Artificial Intelligence Model for the Identification and Prevention of Smoking-related Diseases.

High-risk screening subjects Inclusion Criteria: * Age \>= 50 years old * Active smokers * Former smokers (from no more than 15 years) * Pack/year \>20 * Risk-prediction model from Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian study (PLCOm2012) \>1.2% * Provision and signature of informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Previous or concurrent neoplastic disease, excluding skin cancers * Cognitive or other problems that could hinder the collection of informed consent * Severe pulmonary or extra pulmonary disease * Previous low-dose computed tomography (CT) scan in the past 12 months Previous high-risk positive screening subjects Inclusion Criteria: * Subjects enrolled in previous lung cancer screening with the presence of lung nodules \>4 mm and candidate to additional computed tomography (CT) * Signed informed consent Exclusion Criteria: \- None Previous high-risk negative screening subjects Inclusion Criteria: * Subjects enrolled in previous lung cancer screening in this Institute with negative computed tomography (CT) * Signed informed consent Exclusion Criteria: \- None Lung Cancer patients Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with diagnosis or suspicious diagnosis of lung cancer candidate to surgical treatment or already submitted to it * Patients with diagnosis of lung cancer treated with surgical resection * Signed informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * computed tomography (CT) scans not available at San Raffaele Hospital * Previous neoadjuvant treatment