Copeptin and Thirst: Possible Predictive Markers of Effectiveness of Bariatric Surgery?

Inclusion Criteria: * BMI ≥ 40 in the absence of comorbidities; BMI ≥ 35 associated with at least one comorbidity * Age ≥ 18 and less than or equal to 65 years * Written informed consent obtained Exclusion Criteria: Contraindications to bariatric surgery: * severe psychiatric illness in the decompensation phase; * drug or alcohol abuse; * patient unwilling to follow periodic checkups and a dietary regimen pregnancy or lactation. Factors that could alter ADH/copeptin: * Obesity induced by other endocrinopathies or medications; * Diabetes mellitus of any type; * Malignant neoplasms or ongoing acute disease; * Organ failure or chronic CNS and kidney disease; * Hydro-electrolyte alterations; * use of drugs that interfere with pituitary-adrenal axis, diuretics, anti-psychotics and psychopharmacological therapies, GLP1 receptor agonists, estro-progestin therapy.