Effect of Untact Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Using Smart Glove for Late Subacute and Chronic Patients With Brain Disorder

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with brain disorder aged 19 to 85 years old * patients with hemiparesis lasting for more than 3 months due to neurological diseases (stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor) and impaired upper limb function * Patients with spasticity of the wrist and finger flexors and extensors on the affected side, with a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score of 1+ or lower * Participants with sufficient cognitive function to understand the instructions from the researcher and the smart glove, and to perform the tasks (K-MMSE ≥21) Exclusion Criteria: * pre-existing significant neurogenic disorders * major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or dementia * History of diseases that caused pain or muscle atrophy in the affected upper limb before the onset of the neurological disease, which interfered with rehabilitation * Severe spasticity of the affected upper limb (Modified Ashworth Scale score ≥3) * skin disorders or open wounds on the affected upper limb * Amputation, fractures, or soft tissue-related diseases or injuries on the affected upper limb * severe pain that interferes with rehabilitation of the affected upper limb (Numeric Rating Scale \> 6) * Inability to maintain a seated posture for more than 10 minutes * Significant visual impairment to the extent that the screen cannot be recognized when using the smart glove