Effect of Untact Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Using a Smart Board for Late Subacute and Chronic Patients With Brain Disorder

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with neurological diseases aged 19 to 85 years old * Patients with hemiparesis lasting for more than 3 months due to neurological diseases (stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor) and impaired upper limb function * Patients with shoulder flexor and adductor muscle strength of MRC grade 2 or higher * Patients with shoulder extensor and abductor spasticity of MAS grade 1+ or lower * Participants with sufficient cognitive function to understand the instructions from the researcher and the smart board, and to perform the tasks (K-MMSE ≥21) Exclusion Criteria: * pre-existing significant neurogenic disorders * major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or dementia * History of diseases that caused pain or muscle atrophy in the affected upper limb before the onset of the neurological disease, which interfered with rehabilitation * Severe spasticity of the affected upper limb (Modified Ashworth Scale score ≥3) * skin disorders or open wounds on the affected upper limb * Amputation, fractures, or soft tissue-related diseases or injuries on the affected upper limb * severe pain that interferes with rehabilitation of the affected upper limb (Numeric Rating Scale \> 6) * Inability to maintain a seated posture for more than 10 minutes, which is required for using the smart board * Significant visual impairment to the extent that the screen cannot be recognized when using the smart board