Iron Status of Non-anemic Pregnant Women in First Trimester

Inclusion Criteria: * Pregnant women attending antenatal care, carrying a single live fetus. * Systolic blood pressure at the time of examination \< 140 mmHg. * Diastolic blood pressure at the time of examination \< 90 mmHg. * Body temperature at the time of examination between \>35°C and \<37.5°C. * Hemoglobin ≥ 11 g/dL Exclusion Criteria: * History of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hemoglobinopathies, leukemia, non-hematologic cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus, Gastrointestinal diseases (Celiac disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Gastric diseases or prior gastrointestinal surgery, Irritable bowel syndrome, etc). * Currently on gastric acid-suppressing medications: Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Esomeprazole...), H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., Ranitidine, Famotidine, Cimetidine...), Positive screening for Treponema pallidum, HBsAg, or HIV. * Use of stimulants or tobacco smoking.