Using 3D Kidney Model Based on Artificial Intelligence to Assist Partial Nephrectomy: A Prospective Validation Study

Inclusion Criteria: * Ages 18-80 years, regardless of gender * Written informed consent obtained from the patient or legally authorized representative after full protocol disclosure * Preoperative imaging (CT/MRI) confirming clinical stage T1a or select T1b renal tumors suitable for partial nephrectomy (R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score ≤10) * Localized renal tumors without lymph node/distant metastasis per NCCN Guidelines® (v2023) * Elective minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (laparoscopic/robotic) after comprehensive surgical counseling Exclusion Criteria: * Multifocal renal tumors (bilateral or unilateral) * Prior systemic anticancer therapy (targeted agents/immunotherapy/chemotherapy) within 6 months * Absolute surgical contraindications (e.g., ASA class ≥IV, uncontrolled coagulopathy) * Intraoperative conversion to radical nephrectomy or open approach * Postoperative adjuvant therapy during protocol-defined follow-up (12 months) * Major comorbidities (e.g., NYHA class III/IV heart failure, eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73m²) affecting outcome assessment * Concurrent enrollment in interventional clinical trials * Investigator-determined ineligibility based on risk-benefit analysis