The Effect of Perioperative Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation Combined With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Gastrointestinal Function Recovery in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged \>18 years with no severe preoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (e.g., no chronic gastrointestinal diseases such as long-term constipation or diarrhea). * Scheduled abdominal Grade IV surgeries (limited to liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, or intestinal procedures) performed via open or laparoscopic approach. * Preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification of I-III. * Patients and their families fully understand the study's purpose, methods, potential risks/benefits, and provide signed informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Comorbid severe systemic diseases. * Local skin abnormalities at acupoints (e.g.,broken skin, infection, allergies, or scarring). * Preoperative long-term use (\>1 month) of gastrointestinal motility-affecting drugs (e.g., mosapride, domperidone) that cannot be discontinued, or allergies to TCM components/electrode materials. * Psychiatric disorders or cognitive impairment rendering patients unable to comply with the study. Elimination Criteria: * Non-compliance with treatment protocols (e.g., receiving \<80% of planned sessions). * Significant missing data. * Occurrence of severe adverse events unrelated to the study intervention.