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This multicenter, randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether early initiation of supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) (on day 4 of ICU admission) compared to late initiation (on day 8) can reduce 28-day all-cause mortality in critically ill patients. Secondary objectives include assessing the effects of early SPN on long-term functional outcomes (2-year EQ-5D-5L scores), mortality at various timepoints (ICU, 28-day, 90-day, 180-day, and 2-year), ICU length of stay, serum prealbumin levels (days 8 and 28), skeletal muscle measurements (diaphragm thickness, biceps, quadriceps, and rectus femoris cross-sectional area), incidence of ICU-acquired infections, adverse events (e.g., hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, liver dysfunction), and ventilator-free days within 28 days. Eligible patients are adults (โฅ18 years) with at least one organ failure (SOFA score โฅ2) within 24
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