Ultrasonographic Assessment of Muscle Morphology, Function, and Clinical Findings in Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) according to the criteria defined by Rosenbaum et al. (2007) * Age between 4 and 18 years * Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level I, II, or III * Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) Level I, II, III, or IV Exclusion Criteria: * Non-spastic types of cerebral palsy (e.g., dyskinetic, ataxic) * Diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders other than cerebral palsy (e.g., hereditary neuropathy, myopathy) * Presence of muscle contractures or fixed deformities in the limbs selected for ultrasound and clinical assessment * Cognitive or behavioral impairments that prevent cooperation during ultrasound or clinical evaluation * Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injection applied to the target muscles within the last 6 months * Current treatment with oral or intrathecal antispastic medications * History of orthopedic surgery or selective dorsal rhizotomy involving the target muscles * Acute infection, febrile illness, or severe systemic disease (e.g., advanced heart failure, respiratory insufficiency) that may compromise the safety of assessments