Cognitive-Motor Incorporated Training and Its Relations in Cerebrovascular Diseases With Cognitive and Motor Impairments

Part 1: Inclusion Criteria: * For aged-matched healthy controls: 1. being 20 years of age or older 2. the ability to stand for more than 30 seconds 3. a MoCA score of higher than 26. * For PSCI participants: 1. Diagnosis of stroke confirmed by brain CT or MRI, with symptom onset more than 7 days prior (subacute or chronic phase) 2. Being 20 years of age or older 3. The ability to stand for more than 30 seconds 4. a MoCA score of less than 26 * For the MMD group: 1. a confirmed diagnosis of Moyamoya disease or Moyamoya syndrome through CT scan or angiography 2. If stroke occurred, being in the subacute phase (one week post-stroke) 3. being 20 years of age or older 4. the ability to stand for more than 30 seconds 5. a MoCA score of less than 26 Exclusion Criteria: 1. unstable or uncontrolled vital signs, including a resting heart rate \>100 or \<40 BPM, a respiratory rate \>20 or \<12 breaths per minute, an SpO2 \< 95%, a central arterial pressure (CAP) \<80 mmHg, and individuals requiring ICP monitoring will also be excluded 2. requiring invasive mechanical ventilation or being deemed unsuitable by the attending physician due to unstable medical conditions 3. the presence of other neurological disorders or unstable vital signs may interfere with the experiment 4. currently hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) 5. Severe visual or hearing impairments, or communication and comprehension difficulties that interfere with study participation Part 2: Inclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosis of stroke confirmed by brain CT or MRI, with symptom onset more than 7 days prior (subacute or chronic phase) 2. Being 20 years of age or older 3. The ability to stand for more than 30 seconds 4. a MoCA score of less than 26 Exclusion Criteria: 1. unstable or uncontrolled vital signs, including a resting heart rate \>100 or \<40 BPM, a respiratory rate \>20 or \<12 breaths per minute, an SpO2 \< 95%, a central arterial pressure (CAP) \<80 mmHg, and individuals requiring ICP monitoring will also be excluded 2. requiring invasive mechanical ventilation or being deemed unsuitable by the attending physician due to unstable medical conditions 3. the presence of other neurological disorders or unstable vital signs may interfere with the experiment 4. currently hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) 5. Severe visual or hearing impairments, or communication and comprehension difficulties that interfere with study participation Part 3: Inclusion Criteria: 1. Moyamoya disease/syndrome confirmed through CT scan or angiography 2. being in the subacute phase, defined as one week after stroke onset 3. being 20 years of age or older 4. the ability to stand for more than 30 seconds 5. a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of less than 26. Exclusion Criteria: 1. unstable or uncontrolled vital signs, including a resting heart rate \>100 or \<40 BPM, a respiratory rate \>20 or \<12 breaths per minute, an SpO2 \< 95%, a central arterial pressure (CAP) \<80 mmHg, and individuals requiring ICP monitoring will also be excluded 2. requiring invasive mechanical ventilation or being deemed unsuitable by the attending physician due to unstable medical conditions 3. the presence of other neurological disorders or unstable vital signs that could interfere with the experiment 4. currently hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) 5. Severe visual or hearing impairments, or communication and comprehension difficulties that interfere with study participation.