The Influence of the Timing of Postoperative Rehabilitation Intervention on the Clinical Efficacy of Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Spine System in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged between 19 and 65 years. Diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation by imaging and scheduled for unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) surgery. Presenting with radicular pain in the lower extremity, with a history of less than 1 year. Able to understand Chinese and complete questionnaires independently. Physically capable of participating in exercise rehabilitation. Willing to participate and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Aged under 18 or over 65 years. Combined with other spinal pathologies (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, spinal tumor, spinal fracture, cauda equina syndrome). Diagnosis of neurological disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease). Presence of uncontrolled cardiovascular, respiratory, or peripheral vascular diseases. History of severe psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). Previous history of spinal surgery. Pregnancy or lactation. Inability to understand or comply with the study procedures.