Telerehabilitation Program to Improve Function in People With Chronic Low Back Pain Compared With Conventional Care

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults between 18 and 60 years of age. * Clinical diagnosis of chronic non-specific low back pain (duration ≥ 12 weeks). * Pain intensity ≥ 3 on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at baseline. * Enrolled as beneficiaries of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) and receiving care at a primary care clinic. * Access to a smartphone or computer with internet connection. * Ability to read and understand written instructions in Spanish. * Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Specific causes of low back pain (e.g., fractures, tumors, infections, inflammatory or rheumatic diseases). * Neurological deficits suggestive of radiculopathy or myelopathy. * Pregnancy. * Severe psychiatric or cognitive disorders that limit participation. * Recent spinal surgery (within the last 6 months). * Participation in another rehabilitation or exercise program for low back pain within the previous 3 months. * Any medical condition that contraindicates physical exercise, as determined by the treating physician. The upper age limit of 60 years was established to minimize confounding factors related to advanced degenerative joint disease. Individuals older than 60 frequently present radiographic or clinical signs of grade III or higher lumbar osteoarthritis, which may produce chronic pain and functional limitation independent of the intervention. Including these participants could obscure the true effect of the telerehabilitation program on functional improvement and pain reduction in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.