Clostridium Butyricum in Stenosing Crohn's Disease

Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Crohn's disease (established according to clinical, endoscopic, histological, and radiological criteria in line with current Italian and European guidelines), with a stricturing phenotype (B2 according to the Montreal classification), determined based on the patient's clinical history and instrumental examinations, with disease localized to the right colon or ileocecal region, followed at the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outpatient Clinic of the Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, in whom a colonoscopy with biopsies has been scheduled for clinical indication (disease reassessment, flare-up, or follow-up). * Patients aged ≥18 and ≤85 years. * Patients either not receiving any specific immunomodulatory therapy for Crohn's disease or undergoing treatment with mesalazine or sulfasalazine. * Patients who have been adequately informed about the study protocol and who have understood and voluntarily signed the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * Other acute or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., diverticulitis, infectious colitis, ulcerative colitis). * Patients receiving treatment for Crohn's disease with immunosuppressive drugs (thiopurines, methotrexate, cyclosporine), biologics (anti-TNFα, vedolizumab, ustekinumab), oral antiJAK or oral/intravenous corticosteroids. * Immunological or rheumatologic diseases. * Current or past malignancies. * Active infections. * History of organ transplantation. * Current treatments with pharmacological agents known to significantly modulate the autophagic process.