Clinical Study on the Therapeutic Efficacy of Biportal Endoscopic Decompression Spine Surgery and Lumbar Decompression Fusion Surgery in the Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged between 50 and 90 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis; 2. Clinical symptoms include chronic pain, nerve compression, or motor dysfunction, confirmed by imaging studies (e.g., MRI or CT); 3. No significant improvement after at least 3 months of conservative treatment (e.g., medication, physical therapy), meeting surgical indications; 4. Understand and consent to the relevant procedures of this study, and sign the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients exhibiting acute spinal cord compression symptoms or requiring urgent surgical intervention; 2. Patients with a history of spinal surgery or conditions such as spinal deformities, severe osteoporosis, or active infections that may compromise surgical outcomes; 3. Patients with severe comorbidities affecting assessment, such as cardiovascular disease, liver or kidney failure, or uncontrolled diabetes; 4. Patients with psychiatric disorders or cognitive impairments preventing understanding or cooperation with the study process; 5. Patients with allergies to anesthetics or surgical equipment that may increase intraoperative risks.