Early Effects of Orthognathic Surgery on Periodontal Phenotype: A 6-Month Prospective Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged ≥18 years. * Presence of a Class III molar relationship of any severity at baseline. * Presence of a Class II molar relationship of any severity at baseline. * Presence of transverse arch discrepancies. * Presence of vertical maxillary excess. * Presence of maxillary and/or mandibular asymmetry. * Presence of anterior open bite. * Full permanent dentition up to the first molars, with no supernumerary teeth and no agenesis (congenital absence) of teeth up to the first molars. * No previous orthodontic treatment. * No history of tooth extraction other than second or third molars. * Availability of complete baseline and end-of-follow-up periodontal parameters and phenotype records suitable for evaluation. * Healthy periodontium with no signs of gingival hypertrophy. * No systemic disease history or medication use that could affect gingival/periodontal conditions. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients planned for orthodontic camouflage treatment with fixed appliances for Class II/Class III correction instead of orthognathic surgery. * History of interproximal enamel reduction (interproximal stripping). * Presence of dental implants. * Age \< 18 years. * Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals. * Any systemic condition contraindicates orthognathic surgery. * Psychiatric disorders. * Syndromic conditions. * History of previous orthognathic surgery. * Refusal to sign the informed consent form. * Individuals belonging to a vulnerable population.