Effect of Orthognathic Surgery on Plantar Pressure and Posture

Inclusion Criteria: * Study Group (Orthognathic Surgery Group) Participants will be eligible for inclusion in the surgical cohort if they meet all of the following criteria: Individuals scheduled to undergo single-jaw or double-jaw orthognathic surgery as part of comprehensive orthodontic treatment. Currently receiving orthodontic therapy utilizing clear aligner systems or fixed orthodontic appliances. Availability of preoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained as part of routine clinical evaluation. Age ≥ 18 years at the time of enrollment. Completion of a minimum of 6 months of postoperative orthodontic treatment, enabling standardized follow-up evaluation. Body Mass Index (BMI) \< 30 kg/m², to minimize confounding effects related to obesity on postural and plantar pressure measurements. Control Group (Non-surgical Group) Participants will be eligible for inclusion in the control cohort if they meet all of the following criteria: Individuals not undergoing orthognathic surgery during the study period. Receiving orthodontic treatment with clear aligners or fixed appliances, comparable to the surgical cohort. BMI \< 30 kg/m². Age ≥ 18 years. No participation in physical activities or rehabilitative programs that may alter postural parameters or plantar pressure distribution during the study period. Exclusion Criteria: * Participants from either cohort will be excluded if they exhibit: Neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, or postural disorders that may independently influence balance or plantar pressure distribution. History of previous orthognathic or maxillofacial surgery. Systemic diseases affecting bone metabolism, neuromuscular function, or gait. Pregnancy. Inability or unwillingness to comply with study procedures or follow-up assessments.