Comparison of FCV and VCV in One-Lung Ventilation

Inclusion Criteria Adult patients aged 18 years and older Patients undergoing thoracic surgery requiring one-lung ventilation (OLV) Requirement for one-lung ventilation for at least 30 minutes American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III Provision of written informed consent Patients ventilated with flow-controlled ventilation (FCV) or volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) as part of routine clinical practice Exclusion Criteria Requirement for emergency surgery History of untreated asthma High pulmonary risk, defined as predicted postoperative FEV₁ \< 20 mL/kg in males and \< 18 mL/kg in females High cardiac risk, including advanced cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction \< 30% Body mass index (BMI) \> 35 kg/m² Contraindication to total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) Evidence of pulmonary infection prior to surgery Presence of other significant pulmonary pathologies (e.g., tuberculosis, bullous lung disease, bronchiectasis) Severe COPD (GOLD stage III-IV) or significant restrictive lung disease Age \< 18 years or \> 80 years, or pregnancy ASA physical status IV or higher Uncontrolled arrhythmia or history of myocardial infarction within the past 3 months Inability to provide informed consent