Machine Learning-Assisted Management of Intraoperative Hypotension for Personalized Treatment

Intraoperative hypotension, defined as a drop in blood pressure during surgery, is a frequent event in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Even brief episodes of low blood pressure may reduce blood flow to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys, and have been associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications, prolonged recovery, and worse clinical outcomes. Despite its clinical importance, the management of intraoperative hypotension is often based on general guidelines and individual clinician experience rather than patient-specific physiological mechanisms. Low blood pressure during surgery can occur for different underlying reasons, including reduced circulating blood volume, excessive vasodilation caused by anesthetic agents, impaired heart contractility, or abnormalities in heart rate. In routine practice, these mechanisms are not always clearly disti