Effects of a Preoperative Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention on Kinesiophobia and Function in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients aged 18 to 45 years with a diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. 2. ACL rupture within 3 months prior to enrollment. 3. First-time ACL rupture with a scheduled reconstruction surgery at this institution. 4. The affected knee shows no significant redness, swelling, pain, or inflammation, with basic activities of daily living restored. 5. No injury or only mild (grade I) injury to the posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, or lateral collateral ligament. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 or greater than 35 kg/m². 2. Age older than 45 years or younger than 18 years. 3. ACL rupture with a duration exceeding 3 months. 4. Concurrent severe injury (greater than grade I sprain) to the posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, or lateral collateral ligament. (Note: Grade II indicates partial tear with ligament thickening, laxity, and partial fiber disruption; Grade III indicates complete rupture). 5. Concurrent severe meniscal tear. 6. History of prior knee surgery (e.g., meniscal repair, ligament reconstruction, joint replacement, arthroscopic debridement). 7. Presence of other significant knee pathologies, such as: knee osteoarthritis, knee tumor, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, or active infectious/inflammatory diseases of the knee. 8. Concurrent fracture, dislocation, or other osseous injuries involving the knee. 9. Unwillingness to receive the treatment protocol of this study.