Postoperative Rotational Dynamics of Three Toric Intraocular Lens Designs

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 18 years or older with age-related cataract scheduled for phacoemulsification cataract surgery. * Presence of regular corneal astigmatism requiring toric intraocular lens implantation. * Eligible for implantation of one of the three study toric intraocular lenses based on preoperative evaluation. * Ability to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * History of prior ocular surgery in the study eye. * History of ocular trauma in the study eye. * Irregular corneal astigmatism or corneal pathology affecting reliable biometric measurement. * Intraoperative complications, including anterior capsular tear or posterior capsular rupture. * Inadequate pupillary dilation during surgery or postoperative examinations. * Evidence of zonular weakness, zonular dialysis, or lens subluxation. * Active ocular infection or inflammation. * Any other ocular or systemic condition judged by the investigator to potentially affect intraocular lens stability or study outcomes.