FES-Assisted Upper Extremity Ergometer Training in Subacute Stroke

Inclusion Criteria: * Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 18 and 85 years * Diagnosis of subacute stroke (≤6 months after stroke onset) * Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke confirmed by imaging * Unilateral hemiplegia affecting the upper extremity * Brunnstrom upper extremity motor recovery stage between 1 and 5 * Modified Ashworth Scale score \<3 in the affected upper extremity * Ability to follow simple verbal commands and cooperate with assessments * Medically stable and able to participate in an exercise-based rehabilitation program * Voluntary agreement to participate in the study and provision of written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Severe cognitive impairment or communication disorder preventing cooperation * Severe cardiopulmonary disease or other medical conditions contraindicating exercise testing or training * Uncontrolled hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia * Severe musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity limiting participation in ergometer training * Presence of implanted electronic devices (e.g., pacemaker) contraindicating functional electrical stimulation * History of epilepsy or uncontrolled seizures * Severe spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale ≥3) * Participation in another interventional study during the study period