A Novel Multi-Modal Approach to Promote Functional Outcomes in Cognitively Frail Older Adults

Inclusion Criteria: 1. be between 60 and 90 years old; 2. scored \< 9/12 on the Short Physical Performance Battery; 3. scored \>18/30 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; 4. scored \>9/42 on the Pictorial Fit-Frail Scale; 5. lived in the community; 6. be able to ambulate up to four meters with or without assistive devices; 7. be able to provide written informed consent on their own behalf; 8. can understand verbal and written Cantonese and/or English. Exclusion Criteria: 1. have magnetic resonance imaging contraindications; 2. have aerobic exercise contraindications; 3. have transcranial magnetic stimulation contraindications; 4. be diagnosed with neurodegenerative conditions (i.e., dementia, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke); 5. live in a nursing home or other care facilities/institutions; 6. bed taking fixed dose of medication or had been taking medications known to potentially affect cognitive and physical function (e.g., psychotropic medications), as identified through a review of their medication lists recorded in the health software. Medications were categorized by properties (e.g., antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc.) to inform eligibility decisions. 7. have a history indicative of carotid sinus sensitivity (i.e., falls due to loss of consciousness); 8. cancer and undergo radiation therapy.