Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofol Versus Propofol for Sedation in ICU Patients Undergoing Non-Invasive Ventilation

Inclusion Criteria Age: * Age ≥18 years * Admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between January 1, 2022 and July 30, 2024 * Received intravenous sedation with either ciprofol or propofol during ICU stay * Total duration of ciprofol or propofol administration ≥2 hours * Sedation initiated while the patient was not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation * Receiving non-invasive respiratory support or oxygen therapy at the time sedation was started, including noninvasive ventilation (NIV), high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), nasal cannula, or face mask oxygen therapy * Availability of complete electronic medical records including sedation assessment using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) * Availability of continuous vital sign monitoring records including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and heart rate Exclusion Criteria: * Age \<18 years * Pregnancy or breastfeeding * Use of other primary sedative agents during the observation period, including midazolam or dexmedetomidine * Total exposure time to ciprofol or propofol \<2 hours * Known allergy or hypersensitivity to ciprofol, propofol, or their formulation components * Initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation before sedation * Missing key clinical data required for outcome evaluation, including sedation score, vital signs, or drug administration records * Participation in other interventional clinical trials that may interfere with outcome assessment * Severe visual or hearing impairment preventing accurate sedation assessment * Coma or conditions that prevent reliable evaluation using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) * Any condition that the investigators consider inappropriate for inclusion in the study