Effects of Plantar Vibration on Gait and Balance in Stroke

Inclusion Criteria: * Stroke occurred at least 6 months prior to enrollment. * No cognitive or communication impairments that would interfere with participation. * Ability to stand independently for 20 seconds or more. * Ability to walk 10 meters independently, with or without walking aids or orthoses as needed. * Age between 18 and 75 years. * Lower extremity Brunnstrom stage of 4 or higher. Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of severe osteoarthritis in the lower extremities. * Diagnosis of cancer or diabetic neuropathy. * Presence of vestibular disorders. * Lower extremity ulceration or amputation. * History of vertigo. * Alcohol consumption within the past 24 hours. * Hemodynamic instability. * Stroke affecting the basilar artery or cerebellum (posterior circulation stroke). * Presence of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. * Acute lower extremity injury within the past 6 weeks. * History of lower extremity surgery.