CONNEctome-guided Navigation for Eloquent-area Tumor Surgery Trial

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients clinically diagnosed with brain tumors involving language areas, motor areas, or major functional brain networks, including the default mode network, central executive network, dorsal attention network, or ventral attention network. 2. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score of 70 or higher. 3. Preoperative MRI demonstrating a spatial relationship between the tumor and major white matter tracts, such as the corticospinal tract or arcuate fasciculus. 4. No other neurological disease or underlying condition that may cause neurological dysfunction. 5. No prior treatment for a brain tumor in the same region, such as radiotherapy. 6. Tumor not extensively adherent to multiple critical network nodes. 7. Planned craniotomy for tumor resection and provision of written informed consent by the patient or legally authorized representative. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pathologically or clinically suspected non-neoplastic brain lesion. 2. Multifocal tumors. 3. Incomplete evaluation data. 4. Withdrawal from the study by the patient or legally authorized representative for any reason. 5. Pregnancy, lactation, possibility of pregnancy, or planned pregnancy.