Predictors of Major Adverse Limb Events After Endovascular Iliac Stenting: a Real-world Cohort Study

Inclusion Criteria: Adult patients aged ≥18 years, of both male and female sex * Presence of haemodynamically significant stenosis or occlusion of the common iliac artery (CIA) and/or external iliac artery (EIA), documented by computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or diagnostic angiography * Symptomatic peripheral artery disease, including lifestyle-limiting intermittent claudication (Rutherford category 2-3) or chronic limb- threatening ischaemia (CLTI; Rutherford category 4-6), refractory to optimal medical therapy * Treatment with endovascular iliac artery stenting (covered or uncovered; balloon-expandable or self-expanding devices) as the primary revascularisation strategy * De novo iliac lesions only * Availability of complet Exclusion Criteria: Primary open surgical revascularisation of the iliac axis (e.g., aorto- bifemoral bypass or endarterectomy). * Previous stenting of the target iliac segment (in-stent restenosis cases excluded). * Aorto-iliac aneurysmal disease as the primary indication for treatment (including EVAR or fenestrated endografts). * Hybrid procedures with concomitant infrainguinal bypass surgery. * Incomplete clinical, procedural, or follow-up data preventing assessment of study endpoints. * Loss to follow-up without documented clinical outcomes.