LOVING (Learning About Our Behavior is Valuable for Increasing Nurturing Relationships and Healthy Growth) RCT

Children must be 2 to 5.5 years of age at their pre-test visit. Children with a medical or developmental condition that makes it hard for them to see, hear, move, or communicate in typical ways (for example, autism spectrum disorder, down syndrome, spina bifida, or serious vision or hearing problems) will not be eligible to participate. This is because the study focuses on everyday patterns of parent-child interaction. Children with minor or symptom-free medical or genetic conditions (for example, traits that do not affect their day-to-day health or development) can take part. Parents must be between 21 and 65 years old at the time of consent. Mothers and fathers who consider themselves to have a major caregiving role are eligible. Parents who have been hospitalized for more than two weeks (inclusive) within the past 6 months and/or have had any in-patient mental health treatment within the past 6 months may not participate, nor may parents with notable neurodegenerative diagnosis such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or Huntington's disease. Participants must be from families earning near to Singapore's median household income or below, provided recruitment and enrollment difficulties have not triggered a pre-defined rule leading to the omission of this requirement. Parents and children must be able to communicate in English, Mandarin, Bahasu Melayu, and/or Tamil. Participants must also be willing to be audio-video recorded and amenable to random assignment.