Comparative Study of TIS Efficacy Across Different Targets

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Adult males or females aged ≥40 years; 2. Diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease according to the UK Brain Bank criteria, with age of onset ≥40 years; 3. Previous or current treatment with dopamine replacement therapy (e.g., levodopa) with good response; 4. Hoehn and Yahr (H\&Y) stage 1.5-2.5; 5. Able to walk independently for at least 5 minutes without assistive devices; 6. No severe freezing of gait (FOG); 7. Disease duration ≥2 years since diagnosis, clinically stable, and able to comply with study assessments and interventions; 8. Stable medication regimen for at least 4 weeks prior to the study; 9. Signed informed consent form; subject or legal guardian is able to understand and willing to participate in this study. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Presence of other neurological disorders that may affect the study (e.g., ...); 2. Mild cognitive impairment or above (MoCA ≤23); 3. Orthopedic or other medical conditions that may affect gait or balance; 4. Contraindications to MRI, such as claustrophobia; 5. History of antipsychotic, antidepressant, or other medications that may affect dopamine levels; 6. History of other severe psychiatric disorders; 7. History of epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, or implanted metallic devices in the brain or heart (e.g., stimulators, pacemakers) or other contraindications; 8. History of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); 9. Currently participating in other gait- or balance-related intervention training; 10. Physician-diagnosed cardiovascular risk factors for exercise.