The Effects of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Exercises Added to Postural Stabilization Training in Amateur Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability

Inclusion Criteria: * Being between 18 and 35 years of age. * Being classified as a Tier 2 athlete according to the McKay et al. Participant Classification Framework (trained/developmental level). * Having a history of at least one lateral ankle sprain (LAS) occurring at least 12 months before enrollment, resulting in swelling, pain, and functional impairment, and followed by persistent instability. * Having the most recent ankle sprain at least 3 months before study enrollment. * Having a history of recurrent ankle sprains or episodes of "giving way." * Having a diagnosis of unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI). * Having a Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool - Turkish Version (CAIT-T) score of ≤24. * Having a Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) score of \<90%. * Having a Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Sports subscale (FAAM-S) score of \<80%. * A side-to-side difference of ≥2.5 cm in Weight-Bearing Lunge Test distance, with the affected side demonstrating less dorsiflexion than the unaffected side. Exclusion Criteria: * History of acute lateral ankle sprain within the last 3 months. * History of lower extremity surgery. * History of acute injury to other musculoskeletal structures of the lower extremity joints within the last 3 months that affected joint integrity and function and caused interruption of desired physical activity for at least one day. * History of balance or vestibular disorders, including cerebellar, vestibular, cochlear, or inner ear dysfunction. * Visual problems that may affect the administration or interpretation of the Dynamic Visual Acuity Test, including a history of amblyopia, diplopia, or significant visual loss. * Persistent symptoms related to a previous concussion or traumatic brain injury.