The Effect of Kangaroo Care on Pain in Infants Receiving Phototherapy

Inclusion Criteria: * Voluntary participation of the mother * Gestational age of 38 weeks or more * Diagnosis of physiological hyperbilirubinemia only * Serum bilirubin level within the moderate-high range (13-18 mg/dL) according to the Turkish Neonatal Society Guideline for the Management, Follow-up, and Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice (2022 update) * Postnatal age between 2 and 7 days * Absence of any condition preventing the infant from feeding * Absence of any maternal health condition that would preclude the application of kangaroo care * Ability of the mother to speak Turkish and to understand the information provided about the study Exclusion Criteria: * Gestational age less than 34 weeks or 38 weeks and above * Diagnosis of sepsis or any other systemic infection * Presence of congenital anomalies * Diagnosis of pathological jaundice * Use of antibiotic therapy * Serum bilirubin level greater than 18 mg/dL * Postnatal age greater than 7 days * Mother's refusal to participate in the study