A Randomized Controlled Trial of Gabor-Based Perceptual Learning for Adult Amblyopia

Inclusion Criteria 1. Written informed consent; age 18-39 years inclusive at randomization. 2. Diagnosis of amblyopia, with amblyopic-eye BCVA of approximately 20-70 ETDRS letters (approximately decimal BCVA 0.05-0.6). 3. Amblyopia caused by anisometropia, strabismus, or both, meeting the following definitions: Anisometropic amblyopia: interocular spherical-equivalent difference ≥1.00 D or astigmatic difference ≥1.50 D in any meridian, with no manifest strabismus at distance or near. Strabismic amblyopia: strabismus at distance or near, or a history of strabismus surgery, without meeting the anisometropia criterion. Combined-mechanism amblyopia: meeting both the strabismus and anisometropia criteria. 4. Completion of standardized optical correction and the 8-12-week stability period; absolute difference between week -4 and week 0 ETDRS scores \<5 letters, with no continuing pretreatment improvement trend. 5. Ability to use the study device for home training and accept electronic adherence monitoring. Exclusion Criteria 1. Eccentric fixation, clinically significant nystagmus, or inability to complete reliable ETDRS testing. 2. Corneal, lenticular, retinal, macular, optic-nerve, or neurologic disease capable of explaining the visual-acuity reduction. 3. Study-eye spherical equivalent \<-8.00 D, or high refractive error judged by the investigator to compromise test reliability. 4. Recent intraocular surgery or ocular trauma, or extraocular-muscle surgery considered likely to affect outcomes. 5. Diplopia at baseline that interferes with safety evaluation, or an unacceptable training risk as judged by the investigator. 6. Patching, penalization, other visual training, or treatment likely to affect amblyopia outcomes within the prespecified period before randomization. 7. Inability to complete follow-up, understand the tasks, or participation in another clinical study likely to affect outcomes.