Multimodal AI Predicts High-risk Pathology in Lung Cancer Associated With Cystic Airspaces

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\. Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) confirmed by biopsy or postoperative pathological examination. 2\. Patients who underwent surgical resection of a pulmonary tumor, including lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection. 3\. Patients with complete preoperative chest CT imaging data. 4. Patients whose preoperative chest CT showed a well-defined air-containing cystic component within the tumor, consistent with the radiological features of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces (LCCA). 5\. Patients with available clinical and pathological data required for analysis. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. Patients with a history of pulmonary diseases that may cause cystic lung lesions, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary fungal infection, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), or Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome. Emphysema will not be considered an exclusion criterion; however, patients with severe emphysema will be excluded if it significantly affects the identification, boundary delineation, or imaging feature assessment of the target lesion. 2\. Patients who received systemic antitumor therapy before enrollment, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. 3\. Patients with other primary malignancies. 4. Patients with missing preoperative chest CT images or CT images of insufficient quality for analysis. 5\. Patients without a definite pathological diagnosis or with incomplete pathological results. 6\. Patients with missing clinical data.