Pain Catastrophizing, Fear of Movement, and Physical Activity in Postmenopausal Women With Chronic Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Women aged 45 to 65 years. * Natural postmenopause, defined as at least 12 consecutive months without menstruation, with no other apparent physiological or pathological cause and no clinical intervention explaining the absence of menstruation, confirmed by medical history and available medical records. * Low back pain lasting at least three months, with no specific underlying cause identified through physician assessment. * Ability to read and understand Turkish, provide informed consent, and follow the assessment instructions. * Provision of written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Surgically or medically induced menopause. * Active malignancy, or a vertebral compression fracture, infection, inflammatory spinal disease, or another specific condition explaining the low back pain. * Physician-confirmed radiculopathy, a marked neurological deficit, or lumbar spinal stenosis accompanied by neurogenic claudication. * A severe neurological, rheumatological, or orthopedic disorder, or major surgery within the previous six months, that prevents safe or valid assessment. * Cardiopulmonary disease or an acute medical condition that substantially limits physical activity or makes the physical performance assessments unsafe. * Significant cognitive impairment or an acute or severe psychiatric condition that prevents valid informed consent or understanding of the assessment instructions.