Exploring Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Disorders of Gut-Liver-Brain Interaction-H1/H2

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is associated with inflammatory responses caused by the release of histamine from eosinophils and mast cells, leading to increased intestinal mucosal permeability, which is a key pathogenic mechanism. Meta-analyses have shown that H2 antihistamine drugs are as effective as proton pump inhibitors in treating FD, while H1 antihistamines achieve an efficacy rate of up to 79%. However, there is no research comparing the effects and pathological changes of combined H1/H2 antagonists versus single H1 antagonists in the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Recent studies have shown that fatty liver disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) share common comorbid factors, including obesity, gut microbiota, dietary factors, and immune-mediated causes. This has raised interest in whether these two conditions co-exist in patient populations. Moreover, the prevalence of IBS