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For patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have failed two or more lines of standard therapy, treatment options are extremely limited, and the prognosis remains poor, with objective response rates (ORRs) generally below 5%. This is particularly challenging for patients with microsatellite-stable (MSS)/proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) tumors, who constitute the vast majority of patients with mCRC. The immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment (TME) in these patients contributes to widespread primary resistance to PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy. A key mechanism underlying this resistance is the sustained activation of JAK/STAT signaling, which promotes immunosuppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and other immunosuppressive components, thereby limiting T-cell activity and the efficacy of strategies that solely reinvigorate T cells. To address this
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