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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Endocrine system disorder

thyroid cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the thyroid gland

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬13178genes / proteins with evidence
💊95drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅6approved
📈8phase 3
🧬

Understand thyroid cancer

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the thyroid. Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. It makes hormones that control the way the body uses energy. These hormones affect nearly every organ in your body and control many of your body's most important functions. For example, they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods.

What are the different types of thyroid cancer?

There are different types of thyroid cancer; the main ones include:

From MedlinePlus: Thyroid Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for thyroid cancer itself.

🤖

AI briefing

Where the science on thyroid cancer stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens thyroid cancer.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
RET ret proto-oncogenePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.92
HRAS HRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.77
BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.77
NRAS NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.74
PTEN phosphatase and tensin homologPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.72
CCDC6 coiled-coil domain containing 6PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.71
KDR kinase insert domain receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.70
FLT4 fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 4PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.70
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.70
NRG1 neuregulin 1antibody🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.69
SRGAP1 SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 1PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.69
CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.68
EGFR epidermal growth factor receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.67
MET MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinasePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.67
ERBB2 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.67

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

💊

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to thyroid cancer, by how far it has got
Approved · 6
CabozantinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Hepatocyte growth factor recepto…Approved
LenvatinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitorApproved
Lenvatinib MesylateVascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitorApproved
Levothyroxine SodiumThyroid hormone receptor agonistApproved
SelpercatinibTyrosine-protein kinase receptor RET inhibitor; Kinesin-1 heavy chain/ Tyrosine-protein k…Approved
Thyrotropin AlfaThyroid stimulating hormone receptor agonistApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
Charcoal, ActivatedPhase 3
Cm-4307Phase 3
DabrafenibSerine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf inhibitorPhase 3
MetforminMitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor; Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphat…Phase 3
RivoceranibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitorPhase 3
SelumetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 3
Show all 20
TrametinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 3
VandetanibTyrosine-protein kinase SRC inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase BRK inhibitorPhase 3
CatequentinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Vascular endothelial growth fact…Phase 2/3
AbemaciclibCyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor; Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitorPhase 2
AfliberceptVascular endothelial growth factor A inhibitor; Placenta growth factor inhibitorPhase 2
AtezolizumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 2
AxitinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitorPhase 2
BinimetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 2
CamrelizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 2
CarboplatinPhase 2
CemiplimabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 2
CisplatinPhase 2
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 2
DovitinibFibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT3 inhi…Phase 2
Early trials · 20
AldesleukinInterleukin-2 receptor agonistPhase 1/2
AlectinibALK tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor RET inhibitorPhase 1/2
CarawayPhase 1/2
CrolibulinTubulin inhibitorPhase 1/2
CyclophosphamidePhase 1/2
FludarabinePhase 1/2
Show all 20
SapanisertibSerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR inhibitorPhase 1/2
TinengotinibPhase 1/2
Xp-102Phase 1/2
AzacitidineDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A inhibitor; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 inh…Phase 1
Cdx-3379Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 inhibitorPhase 1
CopanlisibPI3-kinase p110-alpha subunit inhibitor; PI3-kinase p110-delta subunit inhibitorPhase 1
EnoblituzumabCD276 antigen cross-linking agentPhase 1
ImatinibTyrosine-protein kinase ABL inhibitor; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta inhib…Phase 1
IpilimumabCytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 inhibitorPhase 1
LapatinibReceptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 inhibitor; Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1…Phase 1
LifirafenibSerine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf inhibitorPhase 1
Liothyronine SodiumThyroid hormone receptor agonistPhase 1
Lutetium Oxodotreotide Lu-177Somatostatin receptor binding agentPhase 1
Mgd-009Phase 1
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AI Cure shows public evidence (Open Targets, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, openFDA, DepMap, AlphaFold) with its source, and AI summaries that cite it — not medical advice and not a cure. Treatment decisions belong with your doctor. Research ideas are shared only with approved researchers and labs, who can test them. In an emergency call your local emergency number (112 in India and Europe, 911 in the US). AI Cure Terms of Use · Privacy