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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Reproductive system or breast disease

breast carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the breast

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬18173genes / proteins with evidence
💊67drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅29approved
📈4phase 3
🧬

Understand breast carcinoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in breast tissue. It happens when cells in the breast change and grow out of control. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.

Sometimes the cancer does not spread any further. This is called "in situ." If the cancer spreads outside the breast, the cancer is called "invasive." It may just spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. Or the cancer may metastasize (spread to other parts of the body) through the lymph system or the blood.

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women in the United States. Rarely, it can also affect men.

From MedlinePlus: Breast Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for breast carcinoma itself.

🤖

AI briefing

Where the science on breast carcinoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens breast carcinoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
BRCA1 BRCA1 DNA repair associatedPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.91
BRCA2 BRCA2 DNA repair associatedPROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.91
PALB2 partner and localizer of BRCA2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.87
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.86
ATM ATM serine/threonine kinasePROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.86
CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.85
PIK3CA phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alphaPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.85
RAD51C RAD51 paralog CPROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.82
ESR1 estrogen receptor 1PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.82
CDH1 cadherin 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.82
ERBB2 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.82
AKT1 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.81
BARD1 BRCA1 associated RING domain 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.80
PTEN phosphatase and tensin homologPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.79
RAD51D RAD51 paralog DPROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.79

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

💊

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to breast carcinoma, by how far it has got
Approved · 20
AbemaciclibCyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor; Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitorApproved
AlpelisibPI3-kinase p110-alpha subunit inhibitorApproved
AnastrozoleCytochrome P450 19A1 inhibitorApproved
CapecitabineThymidylate synthase inhibitorApproved
CyclophosphamideApproved
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorApproved
Show all 20
Doxorubicin HydrochlorideDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorApproved
Epirubicin HydrochlorideApproved
Eribulin MesylateTubulin inhibitorApproved
EverolimusFK506-binding protein 1A inhibitorApproved
ExemestaneCytochrome P450 19A1 inhibitorApproved
FulvestrantEstrogen receptor alpha antagonist; Estrogen receptor degraderApproved
Gemcitabine HydrochlorideRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) …Approved
Goserelin AcetateGonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonistApproved
IxabepiloneTubulin inhibitorApproved
Lapatinib DitosylateReceptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 inhibitor; Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1…Approved
LetrozoleCytochrome P450 19A1 inhibitorApproved
MethotrexateDihydrofolate reductase inhibitorApproved
Neratinib MaleateEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitor; Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2…Approved
PaclitaxelTubulin inhibitorApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
DoxorubicinDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 3
Epoetin AlfaErythropoietin receptor agonistPhase 3
FluorouracilThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
TamoxifenEstrogen receptor alpha modulatorPhase 3
BevacizumabVascular endothelial growth factor A inhibitorPhase 2
CarboplatinPhase 2
Show all 20
CetuximabEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 2
CisplatinPhase 2
DurvalumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 2
Eftilagimod AlfaLymphocyte activation gene 3 protein vaccine antigenPhase 2
Enmd-981693Serine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-A inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT3…Phase 2
EpirubicinPhase 2
EribulinTubulin inhibitorPhase 2
GefitinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 2
GoserelinGonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonistPhase 2
HydralazinePhase 2
Leuprolide AcetateGonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonistPhase 2
Liothyronine SodiumThyroid hormone receptor agonistPhase 2
LurbinectedinPhase 2
NintedanibPlatelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitor; Vascular endothelial growth factor rec…Phase 2
Early trials · 14
Abiraterone AcetateCytochrome P450 17A1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
DasatinibBcr/Abl fusion protein inhibitorPhase 1/2
GanitumabInsulin-like growth factor I receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
Inalimarev (Cea, Muc-1, Vaccinia Virus)Phase 1/2
LabetuzumabCarcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 otherPhase 1/2
SargramostimGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor agonistPhase 1/2
Show all 14
EmactuzumabMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor inhibitorPhase 1
GemcitabineRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) …Phase 1
LapatinibReceptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 inhibitor; Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1…Phase 1
NerofePhase 1
Rose Bengal SodiumPhase 1
TivantinibHepatocyte growth factor receptor inhibitorPhase 1
VeliparibPARP 1, 2 and 3 inhibitorPhase 1
GabapentinVoltage-gated calcium channel modulatorEarly phase 1
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Axillary Radiotherapy or Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Patients With Clinically Node- Positive Breast Can…NCT07140172 · NA · 📍 BethesdaGenetically-informed Therapy for ER+ Breast Cancer Post-CDK4/6 InhibitorNCT05933395 · Phase 2 · 📍 LebanonElacestrant in Patients With ER+ HER2- ESR1-mutated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast CancerNCT07563595 · n/a · 📍 Freiburg im BreisgauBreast Cancer Survivorship BiorepositoryNCT05786664 · n/a · 📍 Los AngelesUse of Magtrace Bracketing for Excision of Lesion and Sentinel Lymph Node Localization in Breast Conserving S…NCT07844473 · NA · 📍 MadinahAI-Assisted Chemotherapy Side Effect ManagementNCT07198581 · NA · 📍 IncheonSystemic Anti-Cancer Therapy Dose Modifications for Individuals With Duffy Null PhenotypeNCT07341867 · Phase 1 · 📍 BostonAn Investigational Study of BG-75202 Alone and in Combination With Other Therapeutic Agents in Adults With Ad…NCT07222267 · Phase 1 · 📍 BirminghamTo Evaluate the Clinical Efficacy of Probiotics in Patients With the Breast CancerNCT06039644 · NA · 📍 TaipeiStudy to Test the Safety and Tolerability of PF-07220060 in Participants With Advance Solid TumorsNCT04557449 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 Los AngelesCtDNA Based MRD Testing for NAC Monitoring in TNBCNCT06230185 · n/a · 📍 TucsonThe Development of MASLD Among Survivors of Breast or Colorectal CancerNCT07280143 · n/a · 📍 Bern Search more trials →
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