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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Urinary system disorder

renal cell carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the kidney

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬14502genes / proteins with evidence
💊345drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅22approved
📈1filed for approval
🧬

Understand renal cell carcinoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Kidney cancer becomes more likely as you age. Risk factors include smoking, having certain genetic conditions, and misusing pain medicines for a long time.

You may have no symptoms at first. They may appear as the cancer grows. See your health care provider if you notice:

Blood in your urine

From MedlinePlus: Kidney Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for renal cell carcinoma itself.

🤖

AI briefing

Where the science on renal cell carcinoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens renal cell carcinoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
MET MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinasePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.89
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.84
PAX6 paired box 6PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.82
VHL von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressorPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.80
FLCN folliculinPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.74
PBRM1 polybromo 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.74
FLT4 fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 4PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.72
KDR kinase insert domain receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.71
EPAS1 endothelial PAS domain protein 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.71
HNF1B HNF1 homeobox B🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.71
KIT KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.71
RET ret proto-oncogenePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.71
PDGFRB platelet derived growth factor receptor betaPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.70
SETD2 SET domain containing 2, histone lysine methyltransferasePROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.70
PDGFRA platelet derived growth factor receptor alphaPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.70

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

💊

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to renal cell carcinoma, by how far it has got
Approved · 20
AldesleukinInterleukin-2 receptor agonistApproved
AxitinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitorApproved
BelzutifanEndothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 inhibitorApproved
BevacizumabVascular endothelial growth factor A inhibitorApproved
CabozantinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Hepatocyte growth factor recepto…Approved
Cabozantinib S-MalateVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Hepatocyte growth factor recepto…Approved
Show all 20
EverolimusFK506-binding protein 1A inhibitorApproved
IpilimumabCytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 inhibitorApproved
LenvatinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitorApproved
Lenvatinib MesylateVascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitorApproved
NivolumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorApproved
PazopanibMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor inhibitor; Stem cell growth factor receptor…Approved
Pazopanib HydrochlorideMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor inhibitor; Stem cell growth factor receptor…Approved
PembrolizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorApproved
SifalimumabInterferon alpha inhibitorApproved
SorafenibSerine/threonine-protein kinase RAF inhibitor; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor be…Approved
Sorafenib TosylateSerine/threonine-protein kinase RAF inhibitor; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor be…Approved
SunitinibMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor inhibitor; Stem cell growth factor receptor…Approved
Sunitinib MalateMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor inhibitor; Stem cell growth factor receptor…Approved
TemsirolimusFK506-binding protein 1A inhibitorApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
Coagulation Factor X HumanCoagulation factor X exogenous proteinFiled for approval
AbexinostatHistone deacetylase inhibitorPhase 3
AtezolizumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
AvelumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 otherPhase 3
BenmelstobartPhase 3
CapecitabineThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
Show all 20
CatequentinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Vascular endothelial growth fact…Phase 3
Catequentinib HydrochloridePhase 3
CyclophosphamidePhase 3
DenosumabTumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 inhibitorPhase 3
DovitinibFibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT3 inhi…Phase 3
DurvalumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
EpacadostatIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitorPhase 3
FluorouracilThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
InterferonPhase 3
Interferon AlfaPhase 3
Interferon Alfa-2AInterferon alpha/beta receptor agonistPhase 3
Interferon Alfa-2BInterferon alpha/beta receptor agonistPhase 3
IsotretinoinRetinoic acid receptor agonistPhase 3
Latanoprostene BunodProstanoid FP receptor agonistPhase 3
Early trials · 20
AdebrelimabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
Agatolimod SodiumToll-like receptor 9 agonistPhase 1/2
Apl-501Programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
AzacitidineDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A inhibitor; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 inh…Phase 1/2
BempegaldesleukinPhase 1/2
BexmarilimabPhase 1/2
Show all 20
BicalutamideAndrogen Receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
Cdx-014Phase 1/2
CetuximabEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
CiforadenantAdenosine A2a receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
CintirorgonPhase 1/2
DactolisibSerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR inhibitor; PI3-kinase class I inhibitorPhase 1/2
Denileukin DiftitoxElongation factor 2 inhibitor; Interleukin-2 receptor binding agentPhase 1/2
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 1/2
EtaracizumabIntegrin alpha-V/beta-3 antagonistPhase 1/2
FavezelimabLymphocyte activation gene 3 protein inhibitorPhase 1/2
GimistotugPhase 1/2
Gti-2040Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit mRNA antisense inhibitorPhase 1/2
Human Immunoglobulin GPhase 1/2
Hyaluronidase (Human Recombinant)Phase 1/2
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Optimising Renal Tumour Management Through Artificial Intelligence ModulesNCT06714916 · n/a · 📍 NanjingThe Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic CD70 CAR-T Therapy in Unresectable or Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell …NCT07645690 · EARLY Phase 1 · 📍 BeijingIntra-procedural Spectral CT for Image-guided Embolization and Ablation in Interventional OncologyNCT07303725 · n/a · 📍 Palo AltoAutologous Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Kidney CancerNCT05127824 · Phase 2 · 📍 PittsburghDeferred Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Synchronous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: The NORDIC-SUN-TrialNCT03977571 · NA · 📍 AarhusStereotactic Body Proton Therapy for Treatment of Primary Renal Cell CarcinomaNCT06376669 · Phase 2 · 📍 Washington D.C.Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Guided Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Oligoprogr…NCT05830058 · Phase 2 · 📍 DuarteKO-2806 Monotherapy and Combination Therapies in Advanced Solid TumorsNCT06026410 · Phase 1 · 📍 PhoenixR.E.C.K vs Exparel in Robotic NephrectomyNCT07092566 · Phase 3 · 📍 CharlotteStudy of Post-operative Complications After Laparoscopic Outpatient NephrectomyNCT06532422 · n/a · 📍 LyonAn Investigational Scan (89Zr-DFO-GmAb PET/CT) Compared to Contrast-Enhanced CT for the Detection of Recurren…NCT06447103 · Phase 2 · 📍 Los AngelesAssociation Between Galectin-3 Levels and Outcomes in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell C…NCT07485114 · n/a · 📍 Tel Aviv Search more trials →
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